Set 2

A new study that evidences the health and wellbeing benefits of swimming has been released today by Swim England. The report shows that the unique benefits of water make it the perfect place for people of all ages to exercise, particularly those with long term health conditions. The report also found evidence that swimmers live longer and regular swimming helps older people stay mentally and physically fit. Importantly, it also showed that participation in swimming lessons can help children to develop physical, cognitive and social skills quicker than those who do not have lessons.

Swim England commissioned the independent report and will use the findings to raise awareness within the health profession that swimming is a safe, cost effective and viable option to signpost patients. The national governing body for swimming in England is also calling on the wider health and sports sector to come together and invest in further research on the impact of physical activity on mental health and long term conditions. Jane Nickerson, Swim England CEO, said: “It is evident from the report that swimming has enormous potential to support the health and wellbeing of the nation. The unique properties of water mean that unlike other activities, no one is restricted from taking part.

“The report particularly highlights the benefits of swimming and aquatic activities for people with mental health concerns or problems with their joints and muscles. This supports findings from our Dementia Friendly Swimming project, but is an area where further research across the health and sports sector is required. “We will use the report findings to continue to develop our Health and Wellbeing Model and our Aquatic Activity for Health qualification. We will also be working closely with the swimming workforce and health practitioners to increase awareness of the benefits of swimming and make it a viable option for signposting patients.”

The report's remit was developed by the Swimming and Health Commission under the Chairmanship of Professor Ian Cumming. The Health Education England Chief Executive, said: “The Swimming and Health Commission was established by Swim England to explore the evidence base for the health benefits of swimming. The resulting academic report is a ground-breaking collection of papers that identify striking and robust evidence for the significant improvements in health and quality of life that swimming produces.

(Adapted from : blogs.bmj.com)

The most appropriate title for the passage is....

A new study that evidences the health and wellbeing benefits of swimming has been released today by Swim England. The report shows that the unique benefits of water make it the perfect place for people of all ages to exercise, particularly those with long term health conditions. The report also found evidence that swimmers live longer and regular swimming helps older people stay mentally and physically fit. Importantly, it also showed that participation in swimming lessons can help children to develop physical, cognitive and social skills quicker than those who do not have lessons.

Swim England commissioned the independent report and will use the findings to raise awareness within the health profession that swimming is a safe, cost effective and viable option to signpost patients. The national governing body for swimming in England is also calling on the wider health and sports sector to come together and invest in further research on the impact of physical activity on mental health and long term conditions. Jane Nickerson, Swim England CEO, said: “It is evident from the report that swimming has enormous potential to support the health and wellbeing of the nation. The unique properties of water mean that unlike other activities, no one is restricted from taking part.

“The report particularly highlights the benefits of swimming and aquatic activities for people with mental health concerns or problems with their joints and muscles. This supports findings from our Dementia Friendly Swimming project, but is an area where further research across the health and sports sector is required. “We will use the report findings to continue to develop our Health and Wellbeing Model and our Aquatic Activity for Health qualification. We will also be working closely with the swimming workforce and health practitioners to increase awareness of the benefits of swimming and make it a viable option for signposting patients.”

The report's remit was developed by the Swimming and Health Commission under the Chairmanship of Professor Ian Cumming. The Health Education England Chief Executive, said: “The Swimming and Health Commission was established by Swim England to explore the evidence base for the health benefits of swimming. The resulting academic report is a ground-breaking collection of papers that identify striking and robust evidence for the significant improvements in health and quality of life that swimming produces.

(Adapted from : blogs.bmj.com)

According to the text, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A new study that evidences the health and wellbeing benefits of swimming has been released today by Swim England. The report shows that the unique benefits of water make it the perfect place for people of all ages to exercise, particularly those with long term health conditions. The report also found evidence that swimmers live longer and regular swimming helps older people stay mentally and physically fit. Importantly, it also showed that participation in swimming lessons can help children to develop physical, cognitive and social skills quicker than those who do not have lessons.

Swim England commissioned the independent report and will use the findings to raise awareness within the health profession that swimming is a safe, cost effective and viable option to signpost patients. The national governing body for swimming in England is also calling on the wider health and sports sector to come together and invest in further research on the impact of physical activity on mental health and long term conditions. Jane Nickerson, Swim England CEO, said: “It is evident from the report that swimming has enormous potential to support the health and wellbeing of the nation. The unique properties of water mean that unlike other activities, no one is restricted from taking part.

“The report particularly highlights the benefits of swimming and aquatic activities for people with mental health concerns or problems with their joints and muscles. This supports findings from our Dementia Friendly Swimming project, but is an area where further research across the health and sports sector is required. “We will use the report findings to continue to develop our Health and Wellbeing Model and our Aquatic Activity for Health qualification. We will also be working closely with the swimming workforce and health practitioners to increase awareness of the benefits of swimming and make it a viable option for signposting patients.”

The report's remit was developed by the Swimming and Health Commission under the Chairmanship of Professor Ian Cumming. The Health Education England Chief Executive, said: “The Swimming and Health Commission was established by Swim England to explore the evidence base for the health benefits of swimming. The resulting academic report is a ground-breaking collection of papers that identify striking and robust evidence for the significant improvements in health and quality of life that swimming produces.

(Adapted from : blogs.bmj.com)

What is the author’s attitude toward the topic of the passage?

It is an important component of Islamic practice for healthy adult Muslims to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. In addition, fluid intake, cigarette smoking, and medications are forbidden. Depending on the geographical location of those who are fasting during Ramadan, day fasting can vary from 11 to 22 hours. Islamic fasting during Ramadan does not require energy restriction; however, as the intake of food and fluid becomes less frequent, changes in body weight may occur.

A 2012 meta-analysis of 35 studies examined weight changes during Ramadan. Across these studies, participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 58 years; just more than half (52%) of studies were conducted with both males and females, 34% were conducted with only males, and 11% were conducted with only females. The authors of the review found statistically significant weight loss in 21 (60%) of the studies. When pooled, the studies in this meta-analysis showed a 1.24 kg weight reduction during the month of Ramadan fasting. Across 16 follow-up studies, the mean weight regained during the 2 weeks following Ramadan was 0.72 kg (95% CI, 0.32 to 1.13 kg).

A 2013 meta-analysis of 30 cohort studies that included healthy young men and women examined whether Ramadan fasting altered biomarkers in addition to weight. The primary finding of this meta-analysis was that after Ramadan fasting, LDL and fasting blood glucose levels were decreased in both sexes and also in the entire group compared with levels prior to Ramadan. In females, HDL cholesterol levels were significantly increased. In males, there was a significant decrease in weight, total cholesterol, and TGs. Some studies have reported that Ramadan fasts are associated with significantly lower concentrations of inflammatory markers, such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Recent studies have shown that Ramadan fasting practiced by patients with type 2 diabetes for 15–21 days leads to a statistically and clinically significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of approximately 0.5 points, suggesting that glycemic control is improved substantially during Ramadan fasting in this population. Ramadan is the most common form of time-restricted feeding, and it results in transitory weight loss, with mixed evidence for improvements in metabolic markers. However, this feeding pattern is in biological opposition to human circadian rhythms and, therefore, unlikely to be pursued as a desirable weight-loss intervention.

(Adapted from: annualreviews.org)

By writing the sentence “...However, this feeding pattern is in biological opposition to human circadian rhythms and, therefore, unlikely to be pursued as a desirable weight-loss intervention.” (last sentence), the author implies that...

It is an important component of Islamic practice for healthy adult Muslims to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. In addition, fluid intake, cigarette smoking, and medications are forbidden. Depending on the geographical location of those who are fasting during Ramadan, day fasting can vary from 11 to 22 hours. Islamic fasting during Ramadan does not require energy restriction; however, as the intake of food and fluid becomes less frequent, changes in body weight may occur.

A 2012 meta-analysis of 35 studies examined weight changes during Ramadan. Across these studies, participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 58 years; just more than half (52%) of studies were conducted with both males and females, 34% were conducted with only males, and 11% were conducted with only females. The authors of the review found statistically significant weight loss in 21 (60%) of the studies. When pooled, the studies in this meta-analysis showed a 1.24 kg weight reduction during the month of Ramadan fasting. Across 16 follow-up studies, the mean weight regained during the 2 weeks following Ramadan was 0.72 kg (95% CI, 0.32 to 1.13 kg).

A 2013 meta-analysis of 30 cohort studies that included healthy young men and women examined whether Ramadan fasting altered biomarkers in addition to weight. The primary finding of this meta-analysis was that after Ramadan fasting, LDL and fasting blood glucose levels were decreased in both sexes and also in the entire group compared with levels prior to Ramadan. In females, HDL cholesterol levels were significantly increased. In males, there was a significant decrease in weight, total cholesterol, and TGs. Some studies have reported that Ramadan fasts are associated with significantly lower concentrations of inflammatory markers, such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Recent studies have shown that Ramadan fasting practiced by patients with type 2 diabetes for 15–21 days leads to a statistically and clinically significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of approximately 0.5 points, suggesting that glycemic control is improved substantially during Ramadan fasting in this population. Ramadan is the most common form of time-restricted feeding, and it results in transitory weight loss, with mixed evidence for improvements in metabolic markers. However, this feeding pattern is in biological opposition to human circadian rhythms and, therefore, unlikely to be pursued as a desirable weight-loss intervention.

(Adapted from: annualreviews.org)

The authors of the review found statistically significant weight loss in 21 (60%) of the studies. When pooled, the studies in this meta-analysis showed a 1.24 kg weight reduction during the month of Ramadan fasting... (paragraph 2) may be best restated that...

It is an important component of Islamic practice for healthy adult Muslims to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. In addition, fluid intake, cigarette smoking, and medications are forbidden. Depending on the geographical location of those who are fasting during Ramadan, day fasting can vary from 11 to 22 hours. Islamic fasting during Ramadan does not require energy restriction; however, as the intake of food and fluid becomes less frequent, changes in body weight may occur.

A 2012 meta-analysis of 35 studies examined weight changes during Ramadan. Across these studies, participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 58 years; just more than half (52%) of studies were conducted with both males and females, 34% were conducted with only males, and 11% were conducted with only females. The authors of the review found statistically significant weight loss in 21 (60%) of the studies. When pooled, the studies in this meta-analysis showed a 1.24 kg weight reduction during the month of Ramadan fasting. Across 16 follow-up studies, the mean weight regained during the 2 weeks following Ramadan was 0.72 kg (95% CI, 0.32 to 1.13 kg).

A 2013 meta-analysis of 30 cohort studies that included healthy young men and women examined whether Ramadan fasting altered biomarkers in addition to weight. The primary finding of this meta-analysis was that after Ramadan fasting, LDL and fasting blood glucose levels were decreased in both sexes and also in the entire group compared with levels prior to Ramadan. In females, HDL cholesterol levels were significantly increased. In males, there was a significant decrease in weight, total cholesterol, and TGs. Some studies have reported that Ramadan fasts are associated with significantly lower concentrations of inflammatory markers, such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Recent studies have shown that Ramadan fasting practiced by patients with type 2 diabetes for 15–21 days leads to a statistically and clinically significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of approximately 0.5 points, suggesting that glycemic control is improved substantially during Ramadan fasting in this population. Ramadan is the most common form of time-restricted feeding, and it results in transitory weight loss, with mixed evidence for improvements in metabolic markers. However, this feeding pattern is in biological opposition to human circadian rhythms and, therefore, unlikely to be pursued as a desirable weight-loss intervention.

(Adapted from: annualreviews.org)

The part following the passage above most likely contains information on...

In a unique study, researchers at Lund University in Sweden have mapped the origins of migratory birds. They used the results to investigate and discover major differences in the immune systems of sedentary and migratory birds. The researchers conclude that migratory species benefit from leaving tropical areas when it is time to raise their young -- as moving away from diseases in the tropics enables them to survive with a less costly immune system.

Analyzing the genealogy of over 1300 song bird species, passerines, enabled the researchers to establish that both sedentary birds, which do not leave northern Europe in the winter, and migratory birds, which breed in Europe but spend the winter close to the equator, originate from Africa. The researchers then went on to study the immune system in three different groups: sedentary birds in tropical Africa, European sedentary birds, and migratory birds. Their findings show that African sedentary birds have a more varied and extensive immune system than that of both European sedentary birds and migratory birds.

Evolution has quite simply ensured that bird species migrating to Europe were equipped with a much less variable immune system, as Europe has far fewer diseases than the tropics. The African sedentary species probably need a more advanced immune system to deal with the richer flora of pathogens to which they are exposed. What really surprised the researchers was that the immune systems of migratory birds showed a similarly low variation to that of European sedentary birds. After all, migratory birds don't only need to resist diseases in Europe, but also during their migration and in the tropics.

To explain the surprising result, the researchers propose the idea that the costs associated with a strong and complex immune system could be much higher than anyone previously thought. Examples of these costs could be autoimmunity and other immune system diseases such as chronic inflammation.

Despite the migratory birds having to deal with pathogens both in Europe and tropical Africa, they have thus lost much of the variation and complexity in their immune system compared to their African ancestors. According to the researchers, this indicates that dealing with pathogens is most difficult for the birds the first time they are exposed to them. For migratory birds, this happens in Europe where they raise their young and there are not as many different pathogens.

One of the researchers explained that when the migratory birds bred, they had moved away from many diseases and therefore did not need an immune system that was equally varied. Another advantage was that the risk of damage caused by the immune system drops considerably if the immune system was less complex.

All vertebrates, including human beings, have an immune system built up in a similar way to that of birds. The Lund biologists therefore believe their findings could also be significant in a broader perspective.

(Adapted from sciencedaily.com)

What is the topic of the text?

In a unique study, researchers at Lund University in Sweden have mapped the origins of migratory birds. They used the results to investigate and discover major differences in the immune systems of sedentary and migratory birds. The researchers conclude that migratory species benefit from leaving tropical areas when it is time to raise their young -- as moving away from diseases in the tropics enables them to survive with a less costly immune system.

Analyzing the genealogy of over 1300 song bird species, passerines, enabled the researchers to establish that both sedentary birds, which do not leave northern Europe in the winter, and migratory birds, which breed in Europe but spend the winter close to the equator, originate from Africa. The researchers then went on to study the immune system in three different groups: sedentary birds in tropical Africa, European sedentary birds, and migratory birds. Their findings show that African sedentary birds have a more varied and extensive immune system than that of both European sedentary birds and migratory birds.

Evolution has quite simply ensured that bird species migrating to Europe were equipped with a much less variable immune system, as Europe has far fewer diseases than the tropics. The African sedentary species probably need a more advanced immune system to deal with the richer flora of pathogens to which they are exposed. What really surprised the researchers was that the immune systems of migratory birds showed a similarly low variation to that of European sedentary birds. After all, migratory birds don't only need to resist diseases in Europe, but also during their migration and in the tropics.

To explain the surprising result, the researchers propose the idea that the costs associated with a strong and complex immune system could be much higher than anyone previously thought. Examples of these costs could be autoimmunity and other immune system diseases such as chronic inflammation.

Despite the migratory birds having to deal with pathogens both in Europe and tropical Africa, they have thus lost much of the variation and complexity in their immune system compared to their African ancestors. According to the researchers, this indicates that dealing with pathogens is most difficult for the birds the first time they are exposed to them. For migratory birds, this happens in Europe where they raise their young and there are not as many different pathogens.

One of the researchers explained that when the migratory birds bred, they had moved away from many diseases and therefore did not need an immune system that was equally varied. Another advantage was that the risk of damage caused by the immune system drops considerably if the immune system was less complex.

All vertebrates, including human beings, have an immune system built up in a similar way to that of birds. The Lund biologists therefore believe their findings could also be significant in a broader perspective.

(Adapted from sciencedaily.com)

What does the word "they" in paragraph 1 refer to?

In a unique study, researchers at Lund University in Sweden have mapped the origins of migratory birds. They used the results to investigate and discover major differences in the immune systems of sedentary and migratory birds. The researchers conclude that migratory species benefit from leaving tropical areas when it is time to raise their young -- as moving away from diseases in the tropics enables them to survive with a less costly immune system.

Analyzing the genealogy of over 1300 song bird species, passerines, enabled the researchers to establish that both sedentary birds, which do not leave northern Europe in the winter, and migratory birds, which breed in Europe but spend the winter close to the equator, originate from Africa. The researchers then went on to study the immune system in three different groups: sedentary birds in tropical Africa, European sedentary birds, and migratory birds. Their findings show that African sedentary birds have a more varied and extensive immune system than that of both European sedentary birds and migratory birds.

Evolution has quite simply ensured that bird species migrating to Europe were equipped with a much less variable immune system, as Europe has far fewer diseases than the tropics. The African sedentary species probably need a more advanced immune system to deal with the richer flora of pathogens to which they are exposed. What really surprised the researchers was that the immune systems of migratory birds showed a similarly low variation to that of European sedentary birds. After all, migratory birds don't only need to resist diseases in Europe, but also during their migration and in the tropics.

To explain the surprising result, the researchers propose the idea that the costs associated with a strong and complex immune system could be much higher than anyone previously thought. Examples of these costs could be autoimmunity and other immune system diseases such as chronic inflammation.

Despite the migratory birds having to deal with pathogens both in Europe and tropical Africa, they have thus lost much of the variation and complexity in their immune system compared to their African ancestors. According to the researchers, this indicates that dealing with pathogens is most difficult for the birds the first time they are exposed to them. For migratory birds, this happens in Europe where they raise their young and there are not as many different pathogens.

One of the researchers explained that when the migratory birds bred, they had moved away from many diseases and therefore did not need an immune system that was equally varied. Another advantage was that the risk of damage caused by the immune system drops considerably if the immune system was less complex.

All vertebrates, including human beings, have an immune system built up in a similar way to that of birds. The Lund biologists therefore believe their findings could also be significant in a broader perspective.

(Adapted from sciencedaily.com)

The text states all the followings, except...

In a unique study, researchers at Lund University in Sweden have mapped the origins of migratory birds. They used the results to investigate and discover major differences in the immune systems of sedentary and migratory birds. The researchers conclude that migratory species benefit from leaving tropical areas when it is time to raise their young -- as moving away from diseases in the tropics enables them to survive with a less costly immune system.

Analyzing the genealogy of over 1300 song bird species, passerines, enabled the researchers to establish that both sedentary birds, which do not leave northern Europe in the winter, and migratory birds, which breed in Europe but spend the winter close to the equator, originate from Africa. The researchers then went on to study the immune system in three different groups: sedentary birds in tropical Africa, European sedentary birds, and migratory birds. Their findings show that African sedentary birds have a more varied and extensive immune system than that of both European sedentary birds and migratory birds.

Evolution has quite simply ensured that bird species migrating to Europe were equipped with a much less variable immune system, as Europe has far fewer diseases than the tropics. The African sedentary species probably need a more advanced immune system to deal with the richer flora of pathogens to which they are exposed. What really surprised the researchers was that the immune systems of migratory birds showed a similarly low variation to that of European sedentary birds. After all, migratory birds don't only need to resist diseases in Europe, but also during their migration and in the tropics.

To explain the surprising result, the researchers propose the idea that the costs associated with a strong and complex immune system could be much higher than anyone previously thought. Examples of these costs could be autoimmunity and other immune system diseases such as chronic inflammation.

Despite the migratory birds having to deal with pathogens both in Europe and tropical Africa, they have thus lost much of the variation and complexity in their immune system compared to their African ancestors. According to the researchers, this indicates that dealing with pathogens is most difficult for the birds the first time they are exposed to them. For migratory birds, this happens in Europe where they raise their young and there are not as many different pathogens.

One of the researchers explained that when the migratory birds bred, they had moved away from many diseases and therefore did not need an immune system that was equally varied. Another advantage was that the risk of damage caused by the immune system drops considerably if the immune system was less complex.

All vertebrates, including human beings, have an immune system built up in a similar way to that of birds. The Lund biologists therefore believe their findings could also be significant in a broader perspective.

(Adapted from sciencedaily.com)

What can be inferred from the text?

Sugar impacts your white blood cells by competing for space in those cells with Vitamin C. Some research in the 1970s discovered that white blood cells need Vitamin C to destroy bacteria and viruses. Sugar and Vitamin C are similar in their chemical structure. When you eat sugar, it directly competes for space in your immune cells with Vitamin C. The more sugar in your system, the less Vitamin C can get into your white blood cells. Sugar does not help your immune system fight infection at all, resulting in a weakened defense from infections.

Eating more fresh fruits and vegetables is a great way to get immune boosting benefits from Vitamin C and other phytonutrients found in fresh raw foods. The colors of produce give you a clue for how they help the immune system. Choose orange-colored fruits and vegetables like carrots and papaya to get more beta carotene, the precursor your body turns into Vitamin A. This nutrient helps your immune system by supporting healthy lungs and lymph.

Don't stress out if you find it hard to immediately throw out the sugar and load up on fresh greens, whole fruits and veggies. Diet changes take time, and if you want your new healthy habits to stick, be persistent as you try switching out a large salad for that soda and chips (check ingredients), fast food sandwich and sweet dessert at lunch. If you normally eat sweet, processed foods like donuts for breakfast, try replacing it with eggs, mixed fresh fruit and nuts, or a smoothie with greens, and see how much better you feel over time. Your taste buds will need a few weeks to get used to changes in what you're eating. Your body will get over the cravings, which are actually a symptom of the deficiencies of empty foods, once you have nourished your body well for a time. As the empty foods leave your body, and you consistently offer new fresh foods with adequate nutrients, cravings will stop. In the long term, the more fresh whole foods you eat, the more energy you'll have and the stronger your immune system will be.

What is the author's attitude toward the topic of the passage?

Sugar impacts your white blood cells by competing for space in those cells with Vitamin C. Some research in the 1970s discovered that white blood cells need Vitamin C to destroy bacteria and viruses. Sugar and Vitamin C are similar in their chemical structure. When you eat sugar, it directly competes for space in your immune cells with Vitamin C. The more sugar in your system, the less Vitamin C can get into your white blood cells. Sugar does not help your immune system fight infection at all, resulting in a weakened defense from infections.

Eating more fresh fruits and vegetables is a great way to get immune boosting benefits from Vitamin C and other phytonutrients found in fresh raw foods. The colors of produce give you a clue for how they help the immune system. Choose orange-colored fruits and vegetables like carrots and papaya to get more beta carotene, the precursor your body turns into Vitamin A. This nutrient helps your immune system by supporting healthy lungs and lymph.

Don't stress out if you find it hard to immediately throw out the sugar and load up on fresh greens, whole fruits and veggies. Diet changes take time, and if you want your new healthy habits to stick, be persistent as you try switching out a large salad for that soda and chips (check ingredients), fast food sandwich and sweet dessert at lunch. If you normally eat sweet, processed foods like donuts for breakfast, try replacing it with eggs, mixed fresh fruit and nuts, or a smoothie with greens, and see how much better you feel over time. Your taste buds will need a few weeks to get used to changes in what you're eating. Your body will get over the cravings, which are actually a symptom of the deficiencies of empty foods, once you have nourished your body well for a time. As the empty foods leave your body, and you consistently offer new fresh foods with adequate nutrients, cravings will stop. In the long term, the more fresh whole foods you eat, the more energy you'll have and the stronger your immune system will be.

The sentence "Eating more fresh fruits and vegetables is a great way to get immune boosting benefits from Vitamin C and other phytonutrients found in fresh raw foods" can be restated as...

Sugar impacts your white blood cells by competing for space in those cells with Vitamin C. Some research in the 1970s discovered that white blood cells need Vitamin C to destroy bacteria and viruses. Sugar and Vitamin C are similar in their chemical structure. When you eat sugar, it directly competes for space in your immune cells with Vitamin C. The more sugar in your system, the less Vitamin C can get into your white blood cells. Sugar does not help your immune system fight infection at all, resulting in a weakened defense from infections.

Eating more fresh fruits and vegetables is a great way to get immune boosting benefits from Vitamin C and other phytonutrients found in fresh raw foods. The colors of produce give you a clue for how they help the immune system. Choose orange-colored fruits and vegetables like carrots and papaya to get more beta carotene, the precursor your body turns into Vitamin A. This nutrient helps your immune system by supporting healthy lungs and lymph.

Don't stress out if you find it hard to immediately throw out the sugar and load up on fresh greens, whole fruits and veggies. Diet changes take time, and if you want your new healthy habits to stick, be persistent as you try switching out a large salad for that soda and chips (check ingredients), fast food sandwich and sweet dessert at lunch. If you normally eat sweet, processed foods like donuts for breakfast, try replacing it with eggs, mixed fresh fruit and nuts, or a smoothie with greens, and see how much better you feel over time. Your taste buds will need a few weeks to get used to changes in what you're eating. Your body will get over the cravings, which are actually a symptom of the deficiencies of empty foods, once you have nourished your body well for a time. As the empty foods leave your body, and you consistently offer new fresh foods with adequate nutrients, cravings will stop. In the long term, the more fresh whole foods you eat, the more energy you'll have and the stronger your immune system will be.

It can be concluded from the passage that...

An open office is an open-plan work environment where there are no enclosed office rooms or walled cubicles for employees. Usually, employees work in the same room, often beside each other, while seated along a huge desk or on work stations positioned close together. If a company wants a collaborative, social, and energetic environment, an open office will help it achieve it. Open offices are believed to encourage better communication and teamwork.

The disadvantage of this type of open office is the noise which can prevent employees from working productively. If you have employees working on tasks that require concentration and quiet space, noise from an open office can be a huge roadblock to their productivity. To make matters worse, employees also tend to have different thresholds for noise and concentration. Open offices sometimes lead people to talk less because they feel that their secrets would easily be exposed to other employees.

Unlike open offices, closed offices can help minimize distraction allowing employees to work better and produce quality results. Having walls surrounding employees while they work prevents distractions and provides an increased sense of security; the fear of being watched while you work is no longer relevant. In contrast, a completely open office space without any barriers can inhibit productivity. Studies have found that open work environments, with few screens between employees, can lead to increased employee interruption, reduced levels of concentration and lower levels of motivation. In closed offices, however, it's hard to supervise all employees in a closed office environment compared to the open-plan layout. Because your employees are in their own private offices or cubicles, it can be difficult to understand what everyone is doing.

A study found that employees working out of cubicles had "the highest rates of unhappiness with their work set-up." Open office spaces, on the other hand, tend to be more disposed to spontaneous brainstorming sessions and informal group conversation. Then, completely open workspace environments can be noisy, yet foster collaboration. Closed-off workspaces fall short on cost-effectiveness but encourage performance.

What is the topic of the passage?

An open office is an open-plan work environment where there are no enclosed office rooms or walled cubicles for employees. Usually, employees work in the same room, often beside each other, while seated along a huge desk or on work stations positioned close together. If a company wants a collaborative, social, and energetic environment, an open office will help it achieve it. Open offices are believed to encourage better communication and teamwork.

The disadvantage of this type of open office is the noise which can prevent employees from working productively. If you have employees working on tasks that require concentration and quiet space, noise from an open office can be a huge roadblock to their productivity. To make matters worse, employees also tend to have different thresholds for noise and concentration. Open offices sometimes lead people to talk less because they feel that their secrets would easily be exposed to other employees.

Unlike open offices, closed offices can help minimize distraction allowing employees to work better and produce quality results. Having walls surrounding employees while they work prevents distractions and provides an increased sense of security; the fear of being watched while you work is no longer relevant. In contrast, a completely open office space without any barriers can inhibit productivity. Studies have found that open work environments, with few screens between employees, can lead to increased employee interruption, reduced levels of concentration and lower levels of motivation. In closed offices, however, it's hard to supervise all employees in a closed office environment compared to the open-plan layout. Because your employees are in their own private offices or cubicles, it can be difficult to understand what everyone is doing.

A study found that employees working out of cubicles had "the highest rates of unhappiness with their work set-up." Open office spaces, on the other hand, tend to be more disposed to spontaneous brainstorming sessions and informal group conversation. Then, completely open workspace environments can be noisy, yet foster collaboration. Closed-off workspaces fall short on cost-effectiveness but encourage performance.

What is likely the author's motive in writing the passage?

An open office is an open-plan work environment where there are no enclosed office rooms or walled cubicles for employees. Usually, employees work in the same room, often beside each other, while seated along a huge desk or on work stations positioned close together. If a company wants a collaborative, social, and energetic environment, an open office will help it achieve it. Open offices are believed to encourage better communication and teamwork.

The disadvantage of this type of open office is the noise which can prevent employees from working productively. If you have employees working on tasks that require concentration and quiet space, noise from an open office can be a huge roadblock to their productivity. To make matters worse, employees also tend to have different thresholds for noise and concentration. Open offices sometimes lead people to talk less because they feel that their secrets would easily be exposed to other employees.

Unlike open offices, closed offices can help minimize distraction allowing employees to work better and produce quality results. Having walls surrounding employees while they work prevents distractions and provides an increased sense of security; the fear of being watched while you work is no longer relevant. In contrast, a completely open office space without any barriers can inhibit productivity. Studies have found that open work environments, with few screens between employees, can lead to increased employee interruption, reduced levels of concentration and lower levels of motivation. In closed offices, however, it's hard to supervise all employees in a closed office environment compared to the open-plan layout. Because your employees are in their own private offices or cubicles, it can be difficult to understand what everyone is doing.

A study found that employees working out of cubicles had "the highest rates of unhappiness with their work set-up." Open office spaces, on the other hand, tend to be more disposed to spontaneous brainstorming sessions and informal group conversation. Then, completely open workspace environments can be noisy, yet foster collaboration. Closed-off workspaces fall short on cost-effectiveness but encourage performance.

"Because your employees are in their own private offices or cubicles, it can be difficult to understand what everyone is doing."

The word cubicles is closest in meaning to

An open office is an open-plan work environment where there are no enclosed office rooms or walled cubicles for employees. Usually, employees work in the same room, often beside each other, while seated along a huge desk or on work stations positioned close together. If a company wants a collaborative, social, and energetic environment, an open office will help it achieve it. Open offices are believed to encourage better communication and teamwork.

The disadvantage of this type of open office is the noise which can prevent employees from working productively. If you have employees working on tasks that require concentration and quiet space, noise from an open office can be a huge roadblock to their productivity. To make matters worse, employees also tend to have different thresholds for noise and concentration. Open offices sometimes lead people to talk less because they feel that their secrets would easily be exposed to other employees.

Unlike open offices, closed offices can help minimize distraction allowing employees to work better and produce quality results. Having walls surrounding employees while they work prevents distractions and provides an increased sense of security; the fear of being watched while you work is no longer relevant. In contrast, a completely open office space without any barriers can inhibit productivity. Studies have found that open work environments, with few screens between employees, can lead to increased employee interruption, reduced levels of concentration and lower levels of motivation. In closed offices, however, it's hard to supervise all employees in a closed office environment compared to the open-plan layout. Because your employees are in their own private offices or cubicles, it can be difficult to understand what everyone is doing.

A study found that employees working out of cubicles had "the highest rates of unhappiness with their work set-up." Open office spaces, on the other hand, tend to be more disposed to spontaneous brainstorming sessions and informal group conversation. Then, completely open workspace environments can be noisy, yet foster collaboration. Closed-off workspaces fall short on cost-effectiveness but encourage performance.

Which of the following statements does not support the idea in the passage?

"The robots are coming." "No jobs are safe." "The way we work is coming to an end."

These fears around automation and technology's impact on jobs continue to grow as innovations have the potential to change the employment landscape. Although millions of jobs could be lost as a result of new technologies, millions of jobs will also be created. It is still unclear whether there will be enough new jobs.

Concerns about robots, automation, and artificial intelligence (AI) miss that the advent of technology is more likely to change jobs, not eliminate them. In manufacturing, companies are experimenting with having floor and line workers use mechanical exoskeletons to reduce strain and fatigue when lifting heavy objects. And in sales, representatives will need to become more capable with online marketing and engagement to adapt to customer preferences.

Technology is changing the way we work, but concerns about which jobs are lost and which are gained—and who those changes affect—are important in considering whether people will have the opportunity to shift from working in the jobs of yesterday to the jobs of tomorrow.

Jobs are poised for growth, and which face declining demand. The evidence is clear that technological change has reduced the need for routine mechanized work and increased both the demand and pay for high-skilled technical and analytic work.

The impact of automation and artificial intelligence is an acceleration of a trend decades in the making. Switchboard operators have recently been replaced by phone and interactive voice response menus, and many grocery store clerks have been replaced with self-checkout machines. With advances in AI, reports claim that truck drivers, paralegals, and even surgeons might see their occupations upended by changing technology.

In this environment, tech jobs could seem like the only occupations with guaranteed job growth. But they're not the only ones. Although there is a growing need for developers and data scientists, jobs in personal care and the medical industry are expanding even faster.

The need for more home health aides—as well as growth in other health-related occupations—is driven largely by the aging baby boomer population entering retirement and by technological advances that increase the effectiveness of care.

Research has shown that the need for basic data processing skills and manual labor will decline over the next decade, while cognitive, social, and emotional skills will be more in demand. These skills—such as solving complex problems, working in teams, giving advice, and demonstrating leadership—facilitate more human interaction. Many growing health- and service-related jobs require skills that robots and automation can't replace.

Which of the following question is a relevant question raised with reference to the text above?

"The robots are coming." "No jobs are safe." "The way we work is coming to an end."

These fears around automation and technology's impact on jobs continue to grow as innovations have the potential to change the employment landscape. Although millions of jobs could be lost as a result of new technologies, millions of jobs will also be created. It is still unclear whether there will be enough new jobs.

Concerns about robots, automation, and artificial intelligence (AI) miss that the advent of technology is more likely to change jobs, not eliminate them. In manufacturing, companies are experimenting with having floor and line workers use mechanical exoskeletons to reduce strain and fatigue when lifting heavy objects. And in sales, representatives will need to become more capable with online marketing and engagement to adapt to customer preferences.

Technology is changing the way we work, but concerns about which jobs are lost and which are gained—and who those changes affect—are important in considering whether people will have the opportunity to shift from working in the jobs of yesterday to the jobs of tomorrow.

Jobs are poised for growth, and which face declining demand. The evidence is clear that technological change has reduced the need for routine mechanized work and increased both the demand and pay for high-skilled technical and analytic work.

The impact of automation and artificial intelligence is an acceleration of a trend decades in the making. Switchboard operators have recently been replaced by phone and interactive voice response menus, and many grocery store clerks have been replaced with self-checkout machines. With advances in AI, reports claim that truck drivers, paralegals, and even surgeons might see their occupations upended by changing technology.

In this environment, tech jobs could seem like the only occupations with guaranteed job growth. But they're not the only ones. Although there is a growing need for developers and data scientists, jobs in personal care and the medical industry are expanding even faster.

The need for more home health aides—as well as growth in other health-related occupations—is driven largely by the aging baby boomer population entering retirement and by technological advances that increase the effectiveness of care.

Research has shown that the need for basic data processing skills and manual labor will decline over the next decade, while cognitive, social, and emotional skills will be more in demand. These skills—such as solving complex problems, working in teams, giving advice, and demonstrating leadership—facilitate more human interaction. Many growing health- and service-related jobs require skills that robots and automation can't replace.

It can be summarized from the passage that...

"The robots are coming." "No jobs are safe." "The way we work is coming to an end."

These fears around automation and technology's impact on jobs continue to grow as innovations have the potential to change the employment landscape. Although millions of jobs could be lost as a result of new technologies, millions of jobs will also be created. It is still unclear whether there will be enough new jobs.

Concerns about robots, automation, and artificial intelligence (AI) miss that the advent of technology is more likely to change jobs, not eliminate them. In manufacturing, companies are experimenting with having floor and line workers use mechanical exoskeletons to reduce strain and fatigue when lifting heavy objects. And in sales, representatives will need to become more capable with online marketing and engagement to adapt to customer preferences.

Technology is changing the way we work, but concerns about which jobs are lost and which are gained—and who those changes affect—are important in considering whether people will have the opportunity to shift from working in the jobs of yesterday to the jobs of tomorrow.

Jobs are poised for growth, and which face declining demand. The evidence is clear that technological change has reduced the need for routine mechanized work and increased both the demand and pay for high-skilled technical and analytic work.

The impact of automation and artificial intelligence is an acceleration of a trend decades in the making. Switchboard operators have recently been replaced by phone and interactive voice response menus, and many grocery store clerks have been replaced with self-checkout machines. With advances in AI, reports claim that truck drivers, paralegals, and even surgeons might see their occupations upended by changing technology.

In this environment, tech jobs could seem like the only occupations with guaranteed job growth. But they're not the only ones. Although there is a growing need for developers and data scientists, jobs in personal care and the medical industry are expanding even faster.

The need for more home health aides—as well as growth in other health-related occupations—is driven largely by the aging baby boomer population entering retirement and by technological advances that increase the effectiveness of care.

Research has shown that the need for basic data processing skills and manual labor will decline over the next decade, while cognitive, social, and emotional skills will be more in demand. These skills—such as solving complex problems, working in teams, giving advice, and demonstrating leadership—facilitate more human interaction. Many growing health- and service-related jobs require skills that robots and automation can't replace.

The paragraph following the passage will likely contain information about...